Muktita Suhartono contributed reporting from Bangkok, Carlotta Gall from Istanbul, Anatoly Kurmanaev from Caracas, Venezuela, Monika Pronczuk from Brussels, José María León Cabrera from Quito, Ecuador, Irit Pazner from Jerusalem, John Bartlett from Santiago, Mirelis Morales from Lima and Manuela Andreoni from Rio de Janeiro.
About the data: The all-cause mortality data obtained from each city varies: Some cities publish daily death totals dating back decades, and others only for the last few years. Places with less historical data, such as Istanbul, make for rougher historical comparisons. Historical baselines used to calculate excess deaths do not adjust for any expected reduction in recent deaths from non-Covid-19 causes or for two deadly flu epidemics in Europe during the winters of 2014-15 and 2017-18.
Sources:
Elizabeth Wrigley-Field, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Andrew Noymer; University of California, Irvine; Leslie Roberts, Columbia University Medical Center; Virginia Zarulli, University of Southern Denmark.
Homicides in Chicago: Chicago Tribune
Flu deaths in New York City and Seattle: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
HIV/AIDS epidemic in New York City: HIV Epidemiology Program, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
Mortality in Oslo: Statistics Norway
Mortality in Moscow: Moscow City Government
Mortality in St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg City Government
Mortality in Brazilian cities: Registro Civil and Brasil.io
Mortality in Miami: Florida Department of Health
Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico: Puerto Rico Vital Statistics System; Alexis Santos, Demographer at Pennsylvania State University
Chicago heat wave in 1995: Whitman et al., “Mortality in Chicago Attributed to the July 1995 Heat Wave”
Mortality in Istanbul: Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality
Mortality in Chicago: Illinois Department of Public Health
Mortality in Jakarta, Indonesia: Jakarta Department of Parks and Cemeteries
September 11 in New York City: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Mortality in Denver: Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment
Mortality in Milan and Bergamo, Italy: Italian National Institute of Statistics
Mortality in Detroit: Michigan Department of Health and Human Services
1957 flu in Santiago, Chile: Chowell et al., “Severe mortality impact of the 1957 influenza pandemic in Chile,”; General Directorate of the National Health Service of Chile
Paris heat wave in 2003: INSEE
Mortality in Stockholm: Statistics Sweden
Mortality in Boston: Massachusetts Department of Public Health
Hurricane Katrina: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Mortality in Paris: INSEE
Mortality in Madrid and Catalonia, Spain: Daily Mortality Surveillance System
Mortality in London: Office for National Statistics
1918 flu in Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia: U.S. Department of Commerce
Mortality in Lima, Peru: Mortality Information System
Mortality in Guayas, Ecuador: General Direction of Civil Registry; National Institute of Statistics
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