Rome (CNN)The last time President Joe Biden visited the Vatican, he was still reeling from the loss of his son Beau to cancer a year earlier.
The reason for his 2016 visit was the Third International Regenerative Medicine Conference, and -- in a speech delivered with a massive bronze sculpture of the Resurrection as his backdrop -- Biden made an impassioned call for developing new cures for the disease that took his son's life.
But he also recalled a moment of kindness from his host, Pope Francis, who visited the United States in the months following Beau's death and gathered with Biden's extended family as he departed the states from the Philadelphia International Airport.
"We had just lost my son," Biden said at the start of his speech. "And he met with my extended family in the hangar behind where the aircraft was. And I wish every grieving parent, brother, sister, mother, father, would have the benefit of his words, his prayers, his presence. He provided us with more comfort that even he, I think, will understand."
Biden returns to the Vatican on Friday to meet a Pope who has provided both familial comfort and ideological inspiration to a President whose faith has long underpinned his public and private lives.
The visit is expected to touch on their personal relationship as Catholics and other key world issues, national security adviser Jake Sullivan told reporters on Tuesday. And their issues-related discussion is expected to address climate, migration and income inequality -- major areas of consensus among both men.
Biden will be the 14th US president to meet with a pope at the Vatican. President Woodrow Wilson was the first to do so in 1919. A live broadcast of Biden's meeting with the Pope has been canceled by the Vatican over the objections of journalists. Vatican spokesman Matteo Bruni said the Vatican will distribute video of some parts of the arrival and greeting with the Pope following the meeting, according to Bruni.
While areas of common ground are expected to be discussed, it's not clear whether the Vatican will put Biden in the hot seat.
Photos: Popes and US presidents
Pope Francis stands with President Donald Trump and his family during a private audience at the Vatican in 2017. Joining the President were his wife, Melania, and his daughter Ivanka.
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Pope Francis and President Barack Obama exchange gifts during a private audience at the Vatican in 2014.
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Obama and his wife, Michelle, meet with Pope Benedict XVI at the Vatican in 2009. Benedict resigned as Pope in 2013.
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During a trip to the Vatican in 2007, President George W. Bush gives Pope Benedict XVI a walking stick inscribed with the Ten Commandments. The stick was made by a formerly homeless man in Texas. Bush met with popes a record six times while he was in office.
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Bush presents Pope John Paul II with the Presidential Medal of Freedom at the Vatican in 2004.
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President Bill Clinton stands by as Pope John Paul II speaks at a news conference in Denver in 1993.
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Pope John Paul II presents first lady Barbara Bush with a Vatican Medal as President George H.W. Bush looks at his medal during a ceremony at the Vatican in 1989.
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President Ronald Reagan meets with Pope John Paul II at the airport in Fairbanks, Alaska, in 1984. The Pope was making a layover on his way to South Korea, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Thailand. Reagan was on his way home from China.
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President Jimmy Carter watches Pope John Paul II sign the White House guest book in 1979. He was the first Pope to visit the White House.
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President Gerald Ford and first lady Betty Ford visit Pope Paul VI at the Vatican in 1975.
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President Richard Nixon meets with Pope Paul VI at the Vatican in 1970.
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In 1965, Pope Paul VI became the first Pope to visit the United States. He met with President Lyndon B. Johnson and addressed the United Nations in a plea for world peace.
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President John F. Kennedy talks with Pope Paul VI at the Vatican in 1963. Kennedy, who was the first Catholic president, met with the pontiff shortly after his coronation.
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President Dwight D. Eisenhower, third from left, meets with Pope John XXIII at the Vatican in 1959. Eisenhower was actually the second president to meet the Pope. Woodrow Wilson was the first in 1919, meeting Pope Benedict XV.
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Discussions about diverging viewpoints have occurred in meetings between popes and US presidents, such as when Pope John Paul II failed to convince President George W. Bush to halt the American invasion of Iraq. But when White House press secretary Jen Psaki was pressed over whether the two men would discuss abortion and the President's pro-choice stance, Psaki said on Wednesday that they're focused on areas of consensus.
"There's a great deal of agreement and overlap with the President and Pope Francis on a range of issues -- poverty, combating the climate crisis, ending the Covid-19 pandemic," Psaki said. "These are all hugely important, impactful issues that will be the centerpiece of their discussion when they meet."
She also said Friday's meeting "absolutely has personal significance" to Biden and that she suspects it will be "a warm meeting."
The meeting will be heavy with symbolism for the nation's second Catholic President, who attends Mass almost every week, makes the sign of the cross during his speeches and displays a photo of Francis in the Oval Office alongside frames of his wife and grandchildren.
Typically, world leaders offer a gift to the pope at the Vatican during their visits and -- given Francis' humble approach to the papacy -- the gift is not likely to be extravagant. It's also expected that Biden will not kiss Francis' ring. During past meetings with popes, Biden has refused to do so, saying his mother told him not to kiss the ring and that no one is "better" than him.
Jesuit Father Thomas Reese, a columnist for the Religious News Service and a former chair of the US Commission on International Religious Freedom, told CNN that "the priority is to look for areas where they can work together with the leader who's visiting. And if there's problems with the country, to at least incrementally improve relations with them."
"It's a big difference whether you're meeting with Joe Biden or with the head of China," he added.
Biden's long history meeting with popes
Francis is the third pope Biden has met, following meetings with Pope John Paul II while Biden was in the Senate and Pope Benedict XVI during his time as vice president.
Biden met with John Paul II several times, first kicked off by a lengthy meeting at the Vatican in 1980 to discuss the impacts of the potential collapse of the Soviet bloc, when Biden said the pope had to wave away aides who knocked on the library door several times during the conversation. But the President appears to have forged an even more personal bond with Pope Francis.
Biden arrives at the meeting having already met Francis on several occasions, including when he attended Francis' installation in Rome in 2013 and when he traveled there again for the medical summit three years later.
Yet it was Francis' visit to Washington in 2015 that drove the two men together in new ways.
During his stop in Washington, Francis and Biden were briefly neighbors when the Pope overnighted at the Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See, just across Massachusetts Avenue from the vice president's residence.
Biden accompanied Francis on many of his stops, including greeting him at the airport and sitting in the front row when he received an elaborate state welcome at the White House. Biden was sitting just behind Francis on the rostrum in the House chamber when the Pope delivered an address to Congress, he stood beside Francis during his speech to a crowd on the National Mall from the Speaker's balcony and he saw the Pope off in Philadelphia after the private meeting with his family.
Francis clearly left an impression on Biden during that visit.
In the year following the Pope's US appearances, Biden wrote in a short profile for Time Magazine's "Time 100" that his Holiness "captivated America" during the trip. And some five years later, as he was preparing to assume the presidency, he still recalled the private meeting in Philadelphia.
"He didn't just speak about Beau, he spoke in detail about Beau, about who he was and about family values and about forgiveness and decency," Biden told Stephen Colbert in December.
"I am a great admirer of His Holiness. I really am," Biden added.
The relationship between the two men, the White House has said, "is very personal."
Unlike his past meetings with Francis, Biden is now the president, elevating their talks to an official encounter between two heads of state. Still, it is unlikely Biden's deep Catholic faith will not inform and guide his audience.
The tone for this anticipated dynamic between two heads of state appears to have been set since Francis' call congratulating Biden on his presidential win last November.
At the time, the Biden-Harris transition team said in a statement that the "president-elect expressed his desire to work together on the basis of a shared belief in the dignity and equality of all humankind on issues such as caring for the marginalized and the poor, addressing the crisis of climate change, and welcoming and integrating immigrants and refugees into our communities."
Biden's journey of faith
Biden wrote in 2019 that he learned Catholic values "at my father's dinner table, at Sunday Mass and at St. Paul's and Holy Rosary Elementary." Nuns at school, he said, taught him "reading, writing, math and history -- as well as core concepts of decency, fair play and virtue." He often wears his late son's rosary on his wrist, and in public life, he's frequently talked about the role faith has played in carrying him through grief -- including the fatal car crash that killed his wife and infant daughter and Beau's battle with cancer.
Biden has long attended mass, and it's remained a near-weekly tradition since he's taken office.
On the weekend of Biden's Vatican visit, the President's Washington, DC-based parish -- Holy Trinity Catholic Church -- told CNN it would deliver an intercessory prayer "that the meeting between Pope Francis and President Biden be blessed with wisdom and inspire the necessary actions to address the crisis of climate change. We pray to the Lord."
Robert Krebs, a spokesperson for Biden's Wilmington-based church -- St. Joseph on the Brandywine -- and the city's diocese, said in a statement that "we pray that open and honest discussion between these two leaders will be productive in addressing the many challenges facing our country and world."
Biden, who himself thought of becoming a priest after the deaths of his wife and daughter, maintains friendships and seeks guidance of several people in the spiritual community. A source familiar with the situation told CNN the President maintains a "circle of friends close to him, with whom he talks freely about his faith in spiritual matters."
"The President speaks freely about his faith. And he speaks about it with a number of people," the source added.
That broad circle includes White House meetings with a number of faith leaders to discuss Biden's policy agenda, as well as personal friendships with clergy such as Wilmington Rev. Silvester S. Beaman; Sister Simone Campbell, the former executive director of NETWORK Lobby for Catholic Social Justice; and Father Kevin O'Brien, a Jesuit priest who resigned from his role as president of Santa Clara University in May following an investigation into conversations he had with graduate students at a series of informal dinners. The investigation found he engaged in behavior "inconsistent with established Jesuit protocols and boundaries" at those dinners, and that they involved alcohol. No inappropriate behavior was found outside those dinners, according to a statement from the university.
Navigating politics and faith
Biden has long found himself navigating the delicate politics that come with being a Catholic Democrat who supports abortion rights and gay marriage. Those convictions have often put him at odds with leaders in the church.
It's an issue that's long frustrated him, saying once in 2005, "The next Republican that tells me I'm not religious, I'm going to shove my rosary down their throat."
American bishops moved forward with a plan that tried to to permit individual bishops to deny communion to politicians who support abortion rights, setting up a potential public rebuke of Biden along with other prominent Catholic Democrats, such as House Speaker Nancy Pelosi. But the conference has underscored that "there will be no national policy on withholding Communion from politicians." And the latest draft of the document on the "meaning of the Eucharist," which US bishops will vote on in mid-November, will reportedly not refer specifically to whether Catholic politicians are eligible to receive Communion. However, bishops can propose making amendments to the documents.
Cardinal Wilton Gregory, the archbishop for Washington, DC, has said he will not deny the President communion.
The communion refusal movement is driven by the extremely conservative wing of the Catholic Church, and any official statement on the matter would need to be approved by the Vatican.
Reached for comment, the conference referred CNN to the Vatican.
While Francis has maintained a staunch opposition to abortion, describing it as "murder," he has avoided taking a firm stance on the idea of denying communion to politicians who support it. He said last month that politics should not influence decisions about receiving communion and called for "compassion and tenderness" in those decisions.
Biden has dismissed the effort, telling reporters over the summer it was a "private matter" that he did not believe would be successful.
Reese said he doesn't expect the communion issue to come up during the Vatican meeting.
"With the limited time they have, they're going to be dealing with real big foreign policy issues -- world issues," he said.
"You're going to have a picture -- Pope Francis and Joe Biden -- smiling and laughing together. And it's gonna be pretty hard for the bishops to beat up on Joe Biden, after they've got this smiling photo of the two of them," Reese added.
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